introduction spinal tumours may be classified in three groups: 1) extradural, 2) intradural extramedullary and 3) intramedullary spinal cord tumours. intradural extramedullary tumours arise from the leptomeninges or nerve roots and include schwannomas. a schwannoma is usually a firm grey-whitish tumour growing near a nerve trunk or ramus. it can be separated from the nerve without damaging neur...

Background: Over-expression of CD117 and cytokeratin 20 (CK20) is seen in many malignancies. Given that few studies have been conducted regarding the role of these biomarkers in the etiology of bladder tumours, this study aimed to evaluate the prognostic value of CD117 and CK 20 biomarkers in the benign and malignant tumours of urinary bladder carcinoma. Methods: This case-control study was co...

Animal viruses, some of which are probably unable to replicate in human cells, could be transmitted to people where they may be linked to tumours currently not attributed to viruses. Several human virus types have oncogenic potential in animals. A potential risk for acquiring such infections by handling and preparation of animal products was analysed against the background of available epidemio...

'Steroid hormones are essential for the growth, differentiation and function of many tissues in both animaIs and humans. It has been established by animal experimentation that modification of the hormonal environment by surgical removal of endocrine glands, by pregnancy or by exogenous administration of steroids can increase or decrease the spontaneous occurrence of tumours or the induction of ...

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) employs non-toxic dyes called photosensitizers (PSs), which absorb visible light to give the excited singlet state, followed by the long-lived triplet state that can undergo photochemistry. In the presence of ambient oxygen, reactive oxygen species (ROS), such as singlet oxygen and hydroxyl radicals are formed that are able to kill cancer cells, inactivate microbial p...